From my earliest memories, I recall an aversion to conformity. If it was due to parenting, it happended before about 4 years old.
I was having "problems" within the first couple weeks of Kindergarten. I didn't feel compelled to ask permission to go to the restroom. I didn't care about the gold stars on the chart and I didn't want to drive the trash-train. Rewards didn't work on me.
I remember taking my own sheet of gold stars. When the teacher offered an "opportunity" to earn a star, I told her I had plenty.